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          English之时态系列-进行时态（现在进行时）
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<p>这篇笔记摘选自《英语语法新思维初级教程第2版》，以及其他网上知识点收集，只是我自己的个人复习笔记，禁止转载，如有侵权，请联系我删除。</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="引言"><a href="#引言" class="headerlink" title="引言"></a>引言</h2><h3 id="进行时态的构成"><a href="#进行时态的构成" class="headerlink" title="进行时态的构成"></a>进行时态的构成</h3><p>进行时态（continuous tense）的构成是be+doing。注意这里的be动词不是系动词，而是助动词，因而没有“是”的意思。我们可以通过对助动词be的变形来反映人称和时间的变化。<br>就时间的角度而言，有三种不同时间下的进行时态，即现在进行时 （the present continuous tense）、过去进行时（the past continuous tense）和将来进行时（the future continuous tense）。它们的构成分别是：am/is/are doing, was/were doing和will be doing。<br><img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/coding-by-feng/oss@master/uPic/xdr6Ji.png" alt><br>将来进行时will be doing没有人称和数的变化。这里的助动词be的具体变形，既反映了时间（如动作是发生在现在、过去还是将来），同时也反映了主语人称和数的变化，但表示进行动作的doing始终不变</p>
<h3 id="进行时态的意义"><a href="#进行时态的意义" class="headerlink" title="进行时态的意义"></a>进行时态的意义</h3><p>汉语通常采用语气助词“着”或词组“正在”等来表达。比如“他吃着饭”与“他吃了饭”，我们很容易理解前者是表示正在进行，而后者是表示完成的动作。我们还可以进一步添加具体的时间，如“他正在吃着饭”表示现在进行的动作， 而“他当时在吃着饭”表示过去进行的动作。这很像英文里的进行时态的构成和意义，比如“正在”相当于英文里表示现在时间的is，“着”相当于doing，然后结合具体动词“吃（have）”，于是便有了“He is having dinner.”这样的句子。同理，“当时在”相当于英文里表示过去时间的was，于是便有了“He was having dinner.”。<br>具体来说，进行时是强调在某个特定的（现在、过去或将来）时间点，某项活动正在发生。<br>I am watching CCTV news right now. 我现在正在看中央电视台的新闻。<br>I was watching CCTV news when he arrived yesterday. 他昨天到的时候，我正在看中央电视台的新闻。<br>I will be watching CCTV news at 7:15 pm tomorrow. 明天晚上7点15分，我将会正在看中央电视台的新闻。</p>
<h4 id="直接给出具体的时间"><a href="#直接给出具体的时间" class="headerlink" title="直接给出具体的时间"></a>直接给出具体的时间</h4><p>I am listening to the English program right now. 我现在正在收听英文节目。</p>
<h4 id="通过另一活动表达这一特定时刻"><a href="#通过另一活动表达这一特定时刻" class="headerlink" title="通过另一活动表达这一特定时刻"></a>通过另一活动表达这一特定时刻</h4><p>I will be studying English when you come tomorrow. 你明天来的时候，我将正在学习英语。<br>英文的进行时态be doing表达的意义远不止于“正在发生的活动”这一个意思，要比汉语的“着”所表达的意义多很多。</p>
<h3 id="进行时态的使用语境"><a href="#进行时态的使用语境" class="headerlink" title="进行时态的使用语境"></a>进行时态的使用语境</h3><p>进行时态因为往往强调在说话的时刻某活动正在发生，所以常用进行时态表达生动、具体的场景。而进行时态因为其表现生动，所以在口语中出现的频率远远高于书面语。</p>
<h2 id="现在进行时（不一定正在进行）"><a href="#现在进行时（不一定正在进行）" class="headerlink" title="现在进行时（不一定正在进行）"></a>现在进行时（不一定正在进行）</h2><h3 id="用法一：说话时刻正在进行的动作（action-happening-exactly-now）"><a href="#用法一：说话时刻正在进行的动作（action-happening-exactly-now）" class="headerlink" title="用法一：说话时刻正在进行的动作（action happening exactly now）"></a>用法一：说话时刻正在进行的动作（action happening exactly now）</h3><p>A: May I speak to Clint?<br>B: No, sorry. He is not available now. He is talking on another phone.</p>
<h3 id="用法二：在目前一段时期内持续的一种暂时的情况（action-happening-around-now）"><a href="#用法二：在目前一段时期内持续的一种暂时的情况（action-happening-around-now）" class="headerlink" title="用法二：在目前一段时期内持续的一种暂时的情况（action happening around now）"></a>用法二：在目前一段时期内持续的一种暂时的情况（action happening around now）</h3><p>除了上述表示的action happening exactly now外，现在进行时还常常用来表示action happening around now，也就是说表示现阶段正在持续的活动。这时进行时态表示的是一个一般性的活动，在说话时刻这个动作并不一定正在发生（通常都不在发生），而是在目前一段时期内持续的一种暂时的情况。<br>Jenny: Hello?<br>Frank: Hi, Jenny. What are you doing?<br>Jenny: Oh, hi, Frank. I’m doing my laundry. You?<br>Frank: I’m going to go look for an apartment downtown.<br>Jenny: Really? You aren’t content in the suburbs?<br>Frank: Well, this neighborhood is really booming. It’s not really a suburb any more.<br>Jenny: Yeah, it is getting crowded. Where are you looking for an apartment?<br>Frank: Probably near the train station. I’d like to use public transportation to get around.<br>Jenny: Hmm. I think you’ll be hard pressed to find an affordable place there.<br>Frank: Really? Is the area expensive?<br>Jenny: Yes. And I know while you’re not living in poverty, a college student still can’t afford an apartment by the train station.<br>Frank: Well, OK, thanks for the advice!<br>Jenny: You’re welcome.<br>上面关于“租房”的对话中：<br>Jenny: Yes. And I know while you’re not living in poverty, a college student still can’t afford an apartment by the train station.<br>这里的进行动作are not living并不是强调在说话的时刻正在做什么，而是表示目前短暂的生活情况。<br>朋友知道你正在找工作，关心地问你是否已经找到了：<br>A: Have you found a position yet?<br>B: I’m still checking the papers.<br>比如你为了赶时髦而留长发：<br>Long hair is really in right now. So I’m letting my hair grow.<br>Florence is putting away half her pay each month. Soon, she’ll be able to buy a new car.<br>这里的putting away显然是表示一个现阶段在持续的一般活动。<br>弗洛伦斯现在每月把一半的薪水存起来。我想不久她就能买辆新车了。</p>
<p>因为进行时态的这种用法表示目前的一种短暂的情况，所以它有时含有一种“今昔对比”之意。<br>I am taking the bus to work this week, because my car is in the garage.<br>这里的am taking the bus to work表示“坐公共汽车上班”是暂时的，只是在这个星期内的短暂活动，并且与过去“开车上班”形成了一个今昔对比。</p>
<h3 id="用法三：用于表示“改变”的动词，强调“逐渐变化”的过程"><a href="#用法三：用于表示“改变”的动词，强调“逐渐变化”的过程" class="headerlink" title="用法三：用于表示“改变”的动词，强调“逐渐变化”的过程"></a>用法三：用于表示“改变”的动词，强调“逐渐变化”的过程</h3><p>这种表示action happening around now的进行时态的用法，若是用于表示“改变”的动词，则强调“逐渐变化”的过程。常见的表示“改变”的动词有：change, come, get, become, grow和deteriorate（恶化）等。<br>在上面租房的例子中：<br>Frank: Well, this neighborhood is really booming. It’s not really a suburb any more.<br>Jenny: Yeah, it is getting crowded.<br>这里的booming和getting用于进行时态显然都是表示“逐渐改变”的意思，所以分别译成“越来越繁荣”和“越来越拥挤”。</p>
<p>It’s getting dark. 天渐渐黑了下来。<br>Mom is getting old. 妈妈越来越老了。<br>His health is deteriorating. 他的健康状况日益恶化。<br>My dream is coming true. 我的梦想正一点点地成为现实。</p>
<h3 id="用法四：用于强烈的感情色彩的表达"><a href="#用法四：用于强烈的感情色彩的表达" class="headerlink" title="用法四：用于强烈的感情色彩的表达"></a>用法四：用于强烈的感情色彩的表达</h3><p>Harry: Fine. Fine, but let’s just get one thing straight. I did not go over there that night to make love to you, that is not why I went there. But you looked up at me with these big weepy eyes, “Don’t go home tonight, Harry, hold me a little longer, Harry.” What was I supposed to do?<br>Sally: What are you saying? You took pity on me?<br>Harry: No, I was… （Sally slaps Harry whole-heartedly, then storms out of the kitchen.）<br>这里的进行时态are…saying也并不是强调正在进行的动作，而是为了表达萨莉强烈的愤怒的感情——萨莉觉得自己被侮辱了，以至于第一次把哈里扇去了“五指山”！</p>
<p>Marie: He was shaving and there it was in his briefcase.<br>Sally: What if he came out and saw you looking through his briefcase?<br>Marie: You’re missing the point, I’m telling you what I found. He just spent a hundred and twenty dollars on a new night gown for his wife. I don’t think he’s ever going to leave her.<br>Sally: No one thinks he’s ever going to leave her.<br>Marie: You’re right, you’re right, I know you’re right.<br>这里的进行时态are missing和am telling同样不是为了说明 正在发生的动作，而是为了表达感情色彩。因为前面萨莉说：“他当时要是出来了看到你在翻他的公文包可怎么办啊？”这显然不是玛丽所关心的，所以她用进行时态强调说“You’re missing the point, I’m telling you what I found.”。<br>我们生气时可以这么说：<br>I’m not having this conversation with you.<br>这句话相当于说“I don’t want to talk to you about this.”。<br>我不跟你说了。</p>
<p>You are asking too much! 你的要求太过分了！</p>
<h3 id="用法五：表示将来确定的安排"><a href="#用法五：表示将来确定的安排" class="headerlink" title="用法五：表示将来确定的安排"></a>用法五：表示将来确定的安排</h3><p>现在进行时在口语中还经常用来表示将来的动作（action in the future），此时现在进行时是表示在说话之前就确定的、计划好的将来的安排。<br>在我们用现在进行时态来谈将来确定的安排的时候，如果没有明确的上下文语境来表明将来时间的话，我们往往需要加上明确的表示将来时间的状语，如tomorrow, next year, in June和at Christmas等，以避免与正在进行的动作混淆。<br>We’re eating in a restaurant.<br>这句话往往会被理解成正在发生的动作——“我们现在正在餐馆吃饭”。如果我们给出将来的时间状语，比如tonight，说成“We’re eating in a restaurant tonight. We’ve already booked the table.”（我们今晚要在餐馆吃饭，我们已经订了位置。）<br>A: What are you doing on Saturday night?<br>B: I’m doing some shopping with Jane.</p>
<h4 id="be-going-to表示将来打算的用法。be-doing和be-going-to-do都可以表示将来的计划，它们有何区别呢？"><a href="#be-going-to表示将来打算的用法。be-doing和be-going-to-do都可以表示将来的计划，它们有何区别呢？" class="headerlink" title="be going to表示将来打算的用法。be doing和be going to do都可以表示将来的计划，它们有何区别呢？"></a>be going to表示将来打算的用法。be doing和be going to do都可以表示将来的计划，它们有何区别呢？</h4><p>主要的区别是：<br>现在进行时强调事先已经做好的安排，是比较确定要发生的；而be going to着重表现说话者的计划和意图，并不是确定的安排。<br>Frank and Jenny are getting married? I didn’t even know they were going together.<br>弗兰克和珍妮要结婚了？我连他们俩在谈恋爱都不知道。 这里的进行时态are getting married表明结婚日期已确定。如果说： Frank and Jenny are going to get married. 则表示他们两人打算结婚，并没有确定将来具体的日期。</p>
<p>1） I’m staying at Beijing. 2） I’m going to stay at Beijing.<br>1） 我会待在北京。 2） 我打算待在北京。</p>
<p>再者，对于静态的动词和无生命的主语，不可能使用现在进行时来表示将来。但可以用于be going to，这时表示预测。如不能把belong to 用于进行时态，说成：<br>The red car is belonging to me tomorrow. *<br>但belong to可以用于be going to结构，说成：<br>The red car is going to belong to me tomorrow.<br>这里是表示预测。 明天这辆红色的汽车就将属于我了。</p>
<p>不能说：The tree is falling tomorrow. * 但可以用be going to表示将来的预测，说成：<br>The tree is going to fall tomorrow. 这棵树明天就会倒下了。</p>
<p>当然，若是没有计划或安排可以保证相应的结果会出现，也不能使用现在进行时：<br>We are winning the tennis match next weekend. *<br>因为能否赢得比赛事先无法确定。但我们可以用be going to来表示预测，因而可以说成：<br>We are going to win the tennis match next weekend.<br>这里的be going to表示推测，该句的意思是：我们下周会赢得那场网球比赛的。 这句话还可以解释成：be going to表达“决心”，因此可以理解成： 我们下周一定要赢得那场网球比赛。</p>
<h3 id="用法六：与always等连用，表示多次重复，且含有感情色彩"><a href="#用法六：与always等连用，表示多次重复，且含有感情色彩" class="headerlink" title="用法六：与always等连用，表示多次重复，且含有感情色彩"></a>用法六：与always等连用，表示多次重复，且含有感情色彩</h3><p>现在进行时的感情色彩的表达，还有另外一种用法，就是常与 always, forever, continually和constantly等连用，表示多次重复的行为。 这种反复的行为可以是积极的、让人喜欢的事情。<br>Scott is very generous. He’s always giving his friends gifts and inviting them out for meals. 斯科特为人十分慷慨大方，他总是会送朋友礼物，并请他们吃饭。<br>但也往往表示让说话者厌烦、感觉不合情理或使人不愉快的事，即通常具有负面的、消极的含义。<br>He’s always pulling my leg. 他总是开我的玩笑。<br>He’s continually asking me for money. 他总是向我要钱。</p>

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